NEBRASKA CROP PROGRESS AND CONDITION
For the week ending October 17, 2021, there were 5.1 days suitable for fieldwork, according to the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service. Topsoil moisture supplies rated 8% very short, 32% short, 59% adequate, and 1% surplus. Subsoil moisture supplies rated 12% very short, 41% short, 46% adequate, and 1% surplus.
Field Crops Report:
Corn condition rated 5% very poor, 7% poor, 19% fair, 40% good, and 29% excellent. Corn mature was 95%, near 98% last year, and equal to the five-year average. Harvested was 41%, behind 55% last year, but ahead of 33% average.
Soybeans harvested was 76%, behind 91% last year, but ahead of 58% average.
Winter wheat condition rated 2% very poor, 9% poor, 26% fair, 51% good, and 12% excellent. Winter wheat planted was 93%, equal to last year, and near 94% average. Emerged was 76%, ahead of 70% last year, but near 77% average.
Sorghum condition rated 9% very poor, 14% poor, 25% fair, 32% good, and 20% excellent. Sorghum mature was 94%, near 98% last year and 95% average. Harvested was 58%, near 56% last year, and well ahead of 38% average.
Dry edible beans harvested was 89%, behind 95% last year.
Pasture and Range Report:
Pasture and range conditions rated 13% very poor, 17% poor, 55% fair, 14% good, and 1% excellent.
IOWA CROP PROGRESS & CONDITION REPORT
Despite measurable precipitation across Iowa, harvest continued as farmers had 4.7 days suitable for fieldwork during the week ending October 17, 2021, according to the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Field activities continued to include harvesting soybeans and corn, fall tillage and applying fertilizer.
Topsoil moisture levels rated 8 percent very short, 34 percent short, 57 percent adequate and 1 percent surplus. Subsoil moisture levels rated 16 percent very short, 38 percent short, 46 percent adequate and 0 percent surplus.
Virtually all of Iowa’s corn crop has reached maturity. Forty-three percent of corn for grain has been harvested, one week ahead of the five-year average. Moisture content of field corn being harvested for grain was 18 percent. Iowa’s corn condition rated 63 percent good to excellent.
Despite the rain showers, soybean harvest reached 70 percent, one week ahead of the five-year average. Producers in south central Iowa have over half their soybean crop remaining to be harvested while producers in all other districts have at least 52 percent already harvested.
Pasture condition rated 30 percent good to excellent. No unusual conditions for livestock were reported.
USDA Crop Progress - Soybean Harvest Slows; Corn Harvest Continues at Steady Pace
Widespread precipitation across the U.S. last week slowed soybean harvest somewhat, while corn harvest continued at a steady pace, USDA NASS said in its weekly national Crop Progress report Monday.
Soybean harvest progressed 11 percentage points last week to reach 60% complete as of Sunday, Oct. 18. That was a smaller weekly gain than the previous week when harvest moved ahead by 15 percentage points. Last week's slower progress puts the current soybean harvest 13 percentage points behind last year's 73% but still 5 percentage points ahead of the five-year average pace of 55%.
Corn harvest continued at a steady pace -- up 11 percentage points -- to reach 52% complete as of Sunday. That was just a slightly smaller weekly gain than the previous week's 12 percentage points. Corn harvest is now 5 percentage points behind 57% last year but 11 points ahead of the five-year average of 41%.
Winter wheat planting, at 70% complete as of Sunday, fell behind both last year's 76% and the five-year average of 71%. NASS pegged winter wheat emergence at 44%, also behind last year's 50% and the five-year average of 47%.
Sorghum mature was 93%, 5 percentage points ahead of average. Sorghum harvested was 59%, 9 percentage points ahead of average.
HUSKER ECOLOGISTS FORGE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOCUSED ON AG, CLIMATE RESILIENCE
Two University of Nebraska–Lincoln researchers are playing leadership roles in establishing a “network of networks” that unites some of North America’s most forward-thinking, interdisciplinary collaborations focused on agricultural and climate resilience and food and water security.
Husker ecologists Craig Allen and Tala Awada lead a team that recently received a four-year, $400,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to establish the Network for Integrated Agricultural Resilience Research, which is the first collaboration of its kind in the field. By sharing data, resources and expertise, affiliated researchers will generate new research paradigms that address the diversity and complexity of farming and agriculture in North America at a larger scale than was previously possible.
“With the kind of replication and long-term focus that these networks have, we expect to reveal dynamics that we otherwise couldn’t,” said Allen, professor of natural resources and director of Nebraska’s Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes, or CRAWL. “Most ecological research is done on a square-meter spatial scale and a two- to three-year temporal scale. We want to do research on a much larger scale now that we’re in an era of big data and longer-term data series.”
The network unites the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service-funded Long-Term Agroecosystem Research Network, or LTAR; the Canada-based ResNet and the Agriculture Canada Living Labs Initiative; and the international, theory-focused Resilience Alliance. With $150,000 of additional funding from the University of Nebraska’s Collaboration Initiative program, Allen and Awada are expanding the network to include partners in Mexico, ensuring the network spans North America.
Though the specific focus of each participating network varies, they share the vision that collaboration is essential to pursuing global food security, Allen said. Working in isolation, no single network can effectively study the sustainability of modern agricultural practices in the face of external forces such as climate change, shifts in land use and changing social behavior. Together, they may be able to identify the tipping points at which agricultural systems are vulnerable to unwanted, destabilizing regime shifts — the transformation of a grassland into a forest, for example.
“Often, there’s a tradeoff between efficiency and resilience,” said Allen, who will serve as the network coordinator. “We’re interested in what that tradeoff is, and what those tradeoffs cost.”
Allen and Awada’s leadership in the new network underscores Nebraska’s commitment to research focused on climate resilience and sustainable food and water security, which are two of the university’s seven Grand Challenge thematic areas. It also highlights the university’s global leadership in the field of agricultural resilience: In addition to the CRAWL center, which is aimed at helping decision-makers use resilience theory to boost agricultural production, Nebraska is home to an NSF-funded resilience-focused graduate training program and a USDA-funded research project focused on increased rangeland production, among others.
Awada, associate dean and director in Nebraska’s Agricultural Research Division and professor of plant ecophysiology in the School of Natural Resources, took the lead in helping the network accomplish its initial goal of creating the Resilience Working Group within the LTAR network, for which she serves as a site co-lead for Nebraska. The working group will facilitate communication between the four member networks.
“Our diverse landowners and managers are interested in multiple outcomes on their land, and the involved networks will look beyond efficiency and profitability to include sustainability and resilience metrics and indicators across scales,” Awada said.
Network scientists will develop a research agenda focused on three trajectories. They’ll study heterogeneity and scale by exploring which attributes of agricultural systems bolster resilience; identify thresholds that may precede regime shifts; and pinpoint early warning signs of such shifts. Their work in these areas is expected to lead to large-scale, interdisciplinary proposals that marshal the network’s wide range of expertise and access to data from organizations such as USDA’s Climate Hubs, NSF’s National Ecological Observatory Network and Ameriflux.
To flesh out the agenda, network scientists will conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify critical gaps in the research and launch a public website aimed at engaging the public and researchers outside the network. They plan to engage students and stakeholders, including tribal and underrepresented groups, throughout the process.
The researchers will collaborate through annual conferences, webinars, workshops and monthly meetings. Allen said the overarching goal is to build a sustainable network infrastructure and strong transdisciplinary collaborations that will long outlive the four years of the NSF grant.
“Hopefully, this network is just the beginning of multi-country, multi-institutional collaborations,” he said.
Nebraska Brand Introduces Waivable Citations
John Widdowson, NBC Executive Director
Continuing implementation of Nebraska Legislative Bill 572 will include the waivable citations for statue violations which becomes effective November 1, 2021.
The citations will be used for several situations including sale, slaughter or disposal of a live animal or carcass without inspections; transportation of live animals without proper documentation inside the brand area; or movement of livestock outside the brand area without inspection. These infractions will be issued by law enforcement staff only. The Investigator can fine per offence or as a whole based on the situation. If an infraction is observed during a routine inspection, the Inspector files a violation form with the Investigator in that area that allows them to then research the situation before creating a citation. Per the statue the fine shall not exceed $200 per head for each offense.
Waivable citations are much like traffic tickets in that you can opt to pay the fine and waive a court date. If you believe the citation was given erroneously the complainant has the right to appear in the county court where the violation was issued. A date will be set, and the case will be heard before a judge.
The most commonly reported violations are sales without inspection, which includes such standard transactions as neighbors selling to neighbors without them being inspected.
These citations will replace a large percent of the current violation forms that are filled out by the
Investigators and then submitted to County Attorneys for them to decide to take on the case or not.
ICON TO HOST GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATES AT UPCOMING CONVENTION
The Independent Cattlemen of Nebraska (ICON) will hold their annual meeting in Broken Bow, October 29th and will feature candidates who want to be the state’s next Governor. Several individuals have placed their names in nomination for the job. The Broken Bow visit will give voters an opportunity to get a first look at those who are seeking the job.
Republican candidates who have committed to participate in the forum include:
- Senator Brett Lindstrom who was elected to the Legislature in 2014 to represent west Omaha. Lindstrom was a walk-on for the Nebraska Huskers and first ran for public office in 2012, when he competed with Congressman Lee Terry for the Republican nomination in the 2nd Congressional District. Lindstrom is seated on the powerful Revenue Committee which defines much of state tax policy.
- Breland Ridenour, an IT technician who also resides in Omaha is a former resident of Belden, Nebraska but now residing in Omaha. Ridenour is a relative unknown but has made a significant effort to get out and visit with Republicans in rural parts of the state.
Democratic candidates who have committed to participate in the forum include:
- Senator Carol Blood is the only declared candidate. Blood is a farm girl herself and currently resides in Bellevue, representing District 3. Blood has a long history of government involvement, serving on the City Council in Bellevue for eight years prior to being elected. Blood is chair of the Bellevue Farmer’s Market. Cattle producers were pleased when Senator Blood introduced a bill to prevent the use of the word “meat” for imitation products. She also served on the Redistricting Committee last month.
Independent candidates who have committed to participate in the forum include:
- Michael Connely is an Independent and a resident of Lincoln. Connely is a disabled veteran with extensive overseas experience. His website indicates his interests are in prison reform and education. Connely believes his extensive military career has given him the leadership skills to drive Nebraska forward.
Unable to Attend:
- Charles Herbster and Jim Pillen, both Republican candidates will be unable to attend citing prior commitments. Former Governor Dave Heineman (R) is also rumored to be considering a run to reclaim the governorship but has not declared at this time.
The ICON Convention will take place Friday October 29th at the One Box Convention Center in Broken Bow, NE from 1:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. CST. Registration starts at noon, Annual Meeting at 1:00 p.m., Governor Forum at 3:00 p.m., Break, cash bar opens at 5:00 p.m., Tax Relief Forum at 5:45 p.m., Supper & Benefit Auction at 7:00 p.m., Entertainment 8:15 p.m.
Full Convention $30.00 per person; Pre-Registered $25.00; Governor & Tax Forums Only $10.00
(Special room rates at the Cobblestone Hotel & Suites available.)
Details contact Maureen at 308-880-1505 or e-mail IndependentCattlemen@gmail.com
Reynolds Signs Iowa Harvest Proclamation
Gov. Kim Reynolds signed an extension to the proclamation relating to the weight limits and transportation of grain.
The proclamation is effective immediately and continues through November 14, 2021. The proclamation allows vehicles transporting corn, soybeans, hay, straw, silage and stover to be overweight (not exceeding 90,000 pounds gross weight) without a permit for the duration of this proclamation.
This proclamation applies to loads transported on all highways within Iowa (excluding the interstate system) and those which do not exceed a maximum of 90,000 pounds gross weight, do not exceed the maximum axle weight limit determined under the non-primary highway maximum gross weight table in Iowa Code § 321.463 (6) (b), by more than 12.5 percent, do not exceed the legal maximum axle weight limit of 20,000 pounds, and comply with posted limits on roads and bridges.
Soybean farmers invest in agriculture’s future as Iowa FFA Foundation Gold Standard Sponsor
A desire to support future agriculture leaders is a driving force behind a new sponsorship between the Iowa Soybean Association (ISA) and the Iowa FFA Foundation.
ISA is a Gold Standard Sponsor of the Iowa FFA Foundation after announcing a $25,000 financial investment. The partnership will better prepare FFA members across Iowa for opportunities in excelling the production of food, fuel and fiber worldwide.
“The Iowa FFA Foundation is thrilled to partner with the Iowa Soybean Association,” said Joshua Remington, executive director of the Iowa FFA Foundation.
“This gift positively impacts the lives of nearly 36,000 Iowans as they take the next step in their journey to become tomorrow’s great leaders of the agricultural industry. Through this partnership, students from across Iowa will have access to world-class training, programs, and leadership opportunities as any financial barriers for participation continue to be eliminated,” added Remington.
With 248 local chapters across the state, the future success of Iowa FFA programs depends on the support from individuals and organizations like ISA.
“Iowa schools, especially in rural areas, do not always have the funds to support every extracurricular activity. With ISA becoming a Gold Standard Sponsor, we are financially helping youth explore their interests,” said Suzanne Shirbroun, an ISA District 3 Director from Farmersburg.
ISA’s financial support also includes sponsorship of the Fiber and Oil Crop Production Proficiency Award, Iowa Professional Agricultural Student Organization (PAS) State Conference, the Iowa FFA State Conference, as well as the Black Ties Blue Jackets Gala.
“From career development events to leadership opportunities, there are so many activities for FFA members,” added Shirbroun, whose children are members of the Central Community FFA Chapter in Elkader.
IDALS Announces Choose Iowa Marketing and Promotion Grants
Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Mike Naig announced today that the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship is offering Choose Iowa Marketing and Promotion grants for Iowa producers. The grant program matches up to $25,000 per project to help farmers, businesses and non-profits increase or diversify their agricultural product offerings.
“Iowa farmers have a legacy of producing healthy, high-quality and affordable food and agriculture products. The Choose Iowa grant program provides resources and support for farmers to make business investments in equipment or technology that allow them to tap into new markets and sales channels,” said Secretary Naig. “These investments will also make it easier for consumers to find and purchase Iowa-grown products.”
Applicants can use the Choose Iowa grants to try new processing, packaging and sales techniques that add value to the commodities that they produce. For example, a dairy farmer may invest in on-farm processing or packaging equipment to sell cheese to grocery stores and farmers markets. Grant funding can also be used for employee training and continuing education programs.
Individuals, businesses and non-profit organizations that are currently living or operating in Iowa may apply for the Choose Iowa Marketing and Promotion grants. Preference will be given to small to medium size businesses. Details about the grant program, including what projects and expenses are eligible, the financial matching requirements and an application, are available at chooseiowa.com/grant-program.
Applications should be submitted through the online portal and are due by 5 p.m./CT on Dec. 15, 2021. Grant recipients will be announced in early 2022.
Questions about the Choose Iowa Marketing and Promotion grant can be directed to chooseiowagrants@iowaagriculture.gov.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack to Host Mexico’s Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development in Iowa
On Wednesday, October 20, and Thursday, October 21, Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack will travel to Des Moines, Iowa for bilateral meetings with Mexico’s Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development Víctor Manuel Villalobos Arámbula and participate in the World Food Prize Laureate Award ceremony in the Des Moines area.
On Wednesday, Secretary Vilsack and Mexico’s Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development Villalobos will travel to Ames, Iowa for a tour of Iowa State University’s Seed Science Center and Plant Sciences Institute. Secretary Vilsack and Secretary Villalobos will also engage in bilateral discussions while at the university. That afternoon, the Secretaries will travel to Ankeny, Iowa where they will tour a local farm and participate in a conversation about the challenges farmers have faced during the past year and how farmers can be better supported.
On Thursday, Secretary Vilsack and Mexico’s Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development Villalobos will participate in World Food Prize events, in Des Moines, Iowa. The Secretaries will participate in a panel titled North American Government Agricultural Leaders Dialogue moderated by World Food Prize President Barbara Stinson. Later that afternoon, the Secretaries will participate in a panel at the North American Agricultural Advisory Network, where Secretary Vilsack will deliver the closing remarks. That evening, the Secretaries will attend the Laureate Award Ceremony at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.
NPPC's Neil Dierks to Receive USMEF Distinguished Service Award
Neil Dierks, chief executive officer of the National Pork Producers Council (NPPC), has been selected to receive the U.S. Meat Export Federation's (USMEF) Distinguished Service Award. Created in 1991, the award honors outstanding figures who exemplify the exceptional dedication responsible for the red meat industry's success in building global demand for U.S. pork, beef and lamb. It will be presented Nov. 11 at the USMEF Strategic Planning Conference in Carlsbad, Calif.
Dierks has served in several senior roles at NPPC since 1990, but noted that his initial interaction with USMEF dates back to his time with the Iowa Pork Producers Association (IPPA).
"I am so humbled to receive this award because my first opportunity to work with USMEF was when I was with IPPA, helping host international buyers coming to Iowa and taking them on tours of the U.S. industry," Dierks said. "At that time, and even in my early years with NPPC, there was a conceptual understanding of the opportunities exports provide, but the United States was a net importer of pork until 1996. It wasn't until more recently that producers really 'got it' – when they saw the amount of pork destined for international markets and the positive impact exports have on the hog market – and they bought in."
One area in which Dierks and his NPPC team have had an enormous impact on pork trade is securing improvements in market access in key destinations such as Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Central and South America, the Dominican Republic and Oceania, where free trade agreements eliminated or reduced both tariff and non-tariff trade barriers.
"The reality is that before you can promote pork in a market, you have to have access," Dierks said. "I do take a lot of pride in what NPPC and the entire industry helped accomplish, and the small role that I played in it. I remember some of those trade policy battles, and they weren't always easy. But that effort has paid off by expanding opportunities for everyone in the pork supply chain."
Animal health is also a critical factor for maintaining access to export markets and keeping meat products moving internationally, and Dierks is pleased with the way the industry has collaborated with federal and state agencies to protect the U.S. swine herd from foreign animal diseases.
"Until African swine fever (ASF) became such a major global threat, our greatest concern was foot-and-mouth disease and that resulted in a vaccine bank being created in the last farm bill," Dierks said. "Most recently I applaud APHIS (the USDA Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service) for creating the ASF protection zone for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of course this effort goes beyond APHIS, and includes Customs and Border Protection, the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and state veterinarians and state animal health officials also play a very important role."
USMEF President and CEO Dan Halstrom praised the selection of Dierks for the Distinguished Service Award, citing his lengthy history as a tireless and extremely effective advocate for U.S. exports.
"Having worked with Neil for many years on a wide range of critical issues, I can tell you he's a tremendous champion for trade," Halstrom said. "Neil is determined to shape science-based policies that give U.S. ag products a fair opportunity to compete in the global marketplace, and this is exactly the type of commitment that has made the United States a pork-exporting powerhouse."
RFA Comments Seek to Foster Export Competitiveness
The Renewable Fuels Association late Friday submitted comments to the International Trade Administration responding to questions posed about the U.S. Clean Technologies Export Competitiveness Strategy. These comments were issued in addition to joint comments submitted earlier by RFA, the U.S. Grains Council and others.
“U.S. ethanol can play a critical role towards global decarbonization goals,” wrote RFA Vice President for Regulatory Affairs Kelly Davis. “Many countries are now developing or revising their renewable energy policies and typically require renewable fuel substitutes for gasoline to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While the ethanol industry has experienced significant volume expansion, it has also reduced the carbon intensity dramatically utilizing technology adoption and improved efficiencies.”
In the RFA comments, the association noted the importance of sound science and a level playing field when it comes to lifecycle assessments. As additional countries consider their own clean standards, it is important to have a standardized methodology for determining CI scores that uses the best available data. One example cited by Davis when it comes to basing policy on bad information, for example, is in the area of sustainable aviation fuel—where the International Civil Aviation Organization is relying on significantly outdated data to give corn ethanol converted to jet fuel a higher-than-justified carbon intensity score.
Davis also stressed the need for greater interagency collaboration between the International Trade Administration and the Foreign Agricultural Service and recommended a working group on bioenergy trade issues. She noted that RFA in the past has successfully worked with the Department of Commerce to offer the International Buyers Program in conjunction with the National Ethanol Conference. This program sunsetted at the end of 2019.
NASS to Collection More on Local Foods Marketing Practices
The USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) will collect additional information on agricultural products marketed as local foods during 2020.
In early 2021, NASS collected detailed data on 2020 local food marketing practices. This information came from farmers and ranchers who had previously reported local food marketing activity on prior surveys and census.
In light of the extreme dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and reliance on previous indicators of local food marketing based on the 2017 Census of Agriculture, contacting additional producers to get the complete picture of local food marketing practices is required. As a result, NASS will collect information from producers who have not indicated prior local food marketing.
Data release, originally scheduled for Nov. 18, will be delayed until this new information and the data collected earlier this year are combined. The 2020 Local Foods Marketing Practices Survey report is now anticipated to be released in early 2022.
Processor Premiums for Pioneer® Brand Plenish® High Oleic Soybeans to Increase in 2022,
With Cargill Delivery Locations Added
Consumer and food industry demand for healthier cooking oils continues to rise, and Pioneer® brand Plenish® high oleic soybeans offer farmers a profitable way to meet this need. In 2022, the processor-paid premiums on these specialty soybeans will significantly exceed 2021 premiums. Additionally, Pioneer is excited to announce a new agreement with Cargill that will increase the number of draw areas for Plenish soybeans in Midwest soybean states.
“Premiums are more attractive than ever for growers who plant Plenish high oleic soybeans,” said Roger Theisen, Plenish Soybeans Marketing Manager, Pioneer. “For example, if a grower typically hits 65-bushels-per-acre and can net a $0.75-cent premium on top of whatever current soybean prices are, that means nearly $50.00 more in potential profit per acre.”
Through identity-preserved contracting programs, growers of Plenish soybeans receive a processor-paid premium for growing and segregating high oleic soybeans. And more growers are capitalizing on it. According to the United Soybean Board, high oleic soybean acres are expected to grow to 1 million nationally in 2022, up from around 600,000 acres in 2021. Plenish soybeans are planted on most of those acres.
Processors and participating elevators make the delivery of Plenish soybeans as similar as possible to commodity soybeans. The 2022 supply chain for Plenish soybeans now has six contract processors with delivery locations in most of the major soybean-growing states.
• ADM — Premium is set once by the producer at any point from Aug. 13, 2021, through Aug. 31, 2022, by taking 10% of the November 2022 futures price, potentially reaching up to $1.50/bu. ADM has delivery locations in Indiana and Ohio.
• Ag Processing, Inc. (AGP) — Growers can earn a processor-paid premium of $0.75/bu for harvest delivery to a designated elevator or $0.80/bu for on-farm storage. AGP has delivery locations in Nebraska.
• Bunge — Farmers can earn a processor-paid premium of $1.15/bu for harvest delivery to a designated elevator or $1.25/bu for on-farm storage, plus an additional $3.00/acre if invoiced and contracted by Dec. 8, 2021. Bunge has delivery locations in Indiana and Ohio.
• Cargill — Farmers can earn a processor-paid premium of $0.85/bu for harvest delivery to a designated elevator or $1.00/bu for on-farm storage. Cargill has delivery locations in eastern Iowa, Illinois and southern Ohio.
• CHS — Farmers can earn a processor-paid premium of $0.85/bu for harvest delivery to a designated elevator or up to $1.30/bu depending on delivery or the buyer’s call window. CHS has delivery locations in southern Minnesota.
• Perdue AgriBusiness — Farmers can earn a processor-paid premium of $0.55/bu for harvest delivery to a designated elevator or $0.80/bu for on-farm storage, plus an additional $0.10/bu if 100% of their soybean acres are planted to Plenish soybeans. Perdue has delivery locations in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia.
“Growers can expect to get the same elite genetics, agronomic characteristics, defensive traits and yield performance from varieties of Plenish soybeans as they would with Pioneer varieties of commodity soybeans,” Theisen said. “This is a great opportunity for growers to expand their options and differentiate their income.”
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